The Importance of Acquisition, Conversion, and Retention Tools in Digital Campaigns

To: Sales Director at Playrite From: Marketing Manager at Playrite Subject: Investigation into opportunities for using digital marketing campaign tools to help build new and existing business Date: 30th November 2012 Contents The importance of acquisition, conversion and retention tools in digital campaigns3 Different types of digital marketing campaign tools4 Acquiring new customers4 Converting Sales5 Retaining Customers6 Search Engine Marketing for Acquisition7 Website for Conversion7 Email for Retention8 Appendix9 1:1 Background to Nearlygrass9 :1 Evaluation and measurement of current Nearlygrass website11 3:1 Statistics12 Statement16 Bibliography14 The importance of acquisition, conversion and retention tools in digital campaigns Acquisition, conversion and retention tools are incredibly important in digital campaigns and enable businesses to acquire prospective customers, convert to sales and retain for future purchases. Digital marketing tools support marketing activities aimed at achieving profitable acquisition and retention of customers throughout their lifecycle (Dave Chaffey 2012 [Online]).When digital tools such as email marketing are integrated with more traditional media such as direct mail they form the basis of successful marketing campaigns. Although we are currently in a recession, the contribution of the internet to the economy is growing and will continue to grow at more than 10% annually for the next five years. By 2016 the reach is estimated to top $4. 2 trillion (Economist 2012 [Online]). 80% of households in the UK now have access to the internet with 83% of those adults aged 24-44 years old using the internet daily which is an increase of 21% since 2006 (Office for National Statistics 2012 [Online]) see fig 3. and 3. 3. If Nearlygrass wants to increase awareness of their product range then digital marketing is essential to develop a more interactive and engaging relationship with customers. The internet has made public relations public again, after years of almost exclusive focus on media. Blogs, online video, news releases, and other form of Web content let organisations communicate directly with buyers (Scott, pg 11, 2010). With a business-to-consumer website like www. nearlygrass. co. k it’s important to acquire individuals who are web savvy, convert them once they are on the website and retain or get a recommendation for the Nearlygrass range to friends and communicate about our products and services online. Different types of digital marketing campaign tools Acquiring new customers What? | How? | Pros| Cons| Search engine marketing| * SEO to optimise www. nearlygrass. co. uk * PPC campaign to drive traffic. | * If the current website can be edited in house, SEO is quick and low cost * Continually improve www. nearlygrass. o. uk by adding new, engaging content * PPC campaigns are fast to set up, amend and can be managed in house to budget. | * If not edited in house, costly and time consuming to change * Some PPC terms are costly * PPC is time consuming, requiring constant research. | Email| * Sending out cold email marketing campaigns * Include details of new content and news. | * Promotes products and drive traffic * Increase engagement and stickiness * Convert into more sample orders/enquiries and sales * Easy to personalise (Chaffey, pg 550, 2009). * Difficult to buy quality list, emails could be classed as spam * Costly to send HTML emails, unless use free service like Mail Chimp. | Online PR| * Publish press releases on relevant websites. | * Grow brand and product awareness alongside USP * Drive traffic to the website by speaking directly to customers, unfiltered by the media (Scott, pg 86, 2010). | * Lots of competitors in current marketplace doing similar things * Time consuming * Costly. | Converting Sales What? | How? | Pros| Cons| Website| * Keep information relevant * Improve sample ordering processes * Clearer calls to actions. * Offer better user experience * Increa se conversions. | * Costly to change website, especially with database and CMS| Copywriting and presentation| * Create easy to understand DIY PDF’s * Create different pages for target audience * Use Google Analytics to determine questions searchers are using to get to the site and answer in weekly blog posts. | * Helpful information is more likely to be shared across the internet on social channels like Twitter (Mashable 2008 [Online]) * Nearlygrass seen as experts in their industry. * Need support from individuals inside organisation * Uploading information is costly if the website can’t be edited in house. * Requires time and know-how. | Customer support| * Live chat facility during office hours to answer questions. | * Relatively cheap to set up * Trace and track users * Prompt conversations * Encourages engagement and enhance user’s experience. | * Requires resources to run and control * Only useful during working hours and needs those with expert knowledge to control and manage. | Retaining Customers What? | How? | Pros| Cons|Customer service| * Feedback questionnaires * SMS to alert when delivery is on way * Order confirmation emails. | * Receive valuable customer feedback * Providing better services through mobile marketing. | * Difficulty getting emails and mobile numbers * Need resources to send and process responses. | Email| * Sending post sale emails with information about installation, maintenance and add-on products. * Email customers whose surfaces are near replacement. | * Increase user experience by offering helpful advice * Up-sell products * Recommend an installer in their area * Get repeat custom. * Could be duplicating information * Need to collect emails during sales process * Need resources to manage. | Referrals| * ‘Recommend to a friend’ * Tweet/upload images to Facebook to be entered into prize draw. | * Previous customers promote Nearlygrass range * Increase social reach * Engage with new customers t hrough previous customers| * Relies heavily on customers and getting them to upload/submit images * Difficult to get convince management into investing in social media (Scott, pg 267, 2010). | Search Engine Marketing for AcquisitionSearch engine marketing is the most important tool for acquiring new customers as it is the most cost effective method for driving traffic to a website. Improvements are needed for www. nearlygrass. co. uk to be found by prospective customers through search engine marketing. If a website isn’t listed in the first few search results, that business is out of the customer’s consideration set and has no chance to make that sale to that customer. Your customers must first find you to learn about your products (Moran & Hunt, pg 20, 2008). Looking at the top ten keywords www. earlygrass. co. uk appears with a ranking 100| grass artificial| 1| 60500| >100| what is artificial grass| 1| 60500| >100| grass artificial grass| 1| 60500| >100| artificial l awns| 1| 49500| >100| synthetic lawns| 1| 49500| >100| astro turf| 0. 8| 49500| >100| grass synthetic grass| 1| 49500| >100| grass synthetic| 1| 49500| >100| synthetic grass| 1| 49500| >100| 2:4 PPC advert example Artificial Grass www. nearlygrass. co. uk/samples UK made. No Watering, No Mowing, No Hassle Get your Free Samples. 2:5 Ranking from Open Site Explorer As you can see the current website gets a low rating in terms of domain and page authority Also the site only has 3 linking root domains. This can be tracked during the project to see what affect the acquisition tools are having on the trust of the site. 2:6 Top competitor sites * www. asgoodasgrass. co. uk * www. evergreenuk. om * www. lazylawn. co. uk * www. easigrass. com 3:1 Statistics 3:2 Households with Internet Access, 1998 to 2012 Households with Internet Access, 1998 to 2012| | Â  | Year| Per cent| 1998| 9| 1999| 13| 2000| 25| 2001| 36| 2002| 42| 2003| 46| 2004| 49| 2005| 55| 2006| 57| 2007| 61| 2008| 65| 2009| 70 | 2010| 73| 2011| 77| 2012| 80| 3:3 Adults who used a computer in the last three months, by frequency of use and age group, 2006 and 2012 Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | | | Daily| | Weekly| | Monthly| | Between 1 – 3 months| Â  | 2006| 2012| Â  | 2006| 2012| Â  | 2006| 2012| Â  | 2006| 2012| 16-24| 63| 82| | 15| 12| | 7| 2| | 3| -| 5-44| 62| 83| | 16| 10| | 4| 2| | 2| 1| 45-54| 56| 71| | 13| 14| | 5| 2| | 3| 1| 55-64| 36| 63| | 17| 13| | 5| 2| | 3| 2| 65 +| 9| 29| | 8| 11| | 3| 4| | 3| 3| All| 45| 67| Â  | 14| 12| Â  | 5| 2| Â  | 3| 1| Base: Adults (aged 16+) in Great Britain| | | | | | | | | – Data too small to display| | | | | | | | | | Bibliography Chaffey, Dave 2012 Digital marketing definition http://www. davechaffey. com/Internet-Marketing/C1-Introduction/E-marketing-Internet-markeitng-%20definition [Online] Accessed 19th September 2012Chaffey, Ellis-Chadwick, Mayer, Johnston (2009) Internet Marketing – Strategy, I mplementation and Practice Pearson Education Limited: Essex Economist 2012 How much does the internet contribute to the economies of G20 countries? http://www. economist. com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/04/daily-chart-2 [Online] Assessed 18th September 2012 Evans, Sarah 2008 HOW TO: Build Community on Twitter http://mashable. com/2008/11/10/twitter-community/ [Online] Accessed 23rd November 2012 Moran and Hunt (2008) Search Engine Marketing, Inc. IBM Press: USA Office for National Statistics 2012 Internet Access – Households and Individuals http://www. ns. gov. uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables. html? edition=tcm%3A77-270031 [Online] Assessed 18th September 2012 Peck, Dave (2011) Think Before You Engage: 100 Questions to Ask Before Starting a Social Media Marketing Campaign Wiley: USA Schachinger, Kristine 2012 How to Write Title Tags For Search Engine Optimization http://searchenginewatch. com/article/2154469/How-to-Write-Title-Tags-For-Search-Engine-Optimization [Online] Accessed 23rd November 2012 Scott, David Meerman (2010) The New Rules of Marketing & PR John Wiley & Sons: New Jersey StatementI confirm that in forwarding this assessment for marketing, I understand and have applied the CIM policies relating to word count, plagiarism and collusion for all tasks. This assignment/project is the result of my own independent work/investigation except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged in the body of the text and/or a bibliography is appended. The work that I have submitted has not previously been accepted in substance for any other award and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any other award. Total word count: 1,315/1,200

Black Codes Essay

‘Black~Codes’ were legal statutes and constitutional amendments enacted by the ex~Confederate states following the Civil War that sought to restrict the liberties of newly freed sIaves, to ensure a supply of inexpensive agriculturaI Iabor; and maintain a white dominated hierarchy. However; the history of Black Codes did not begin wIth the coIIapse of the Confederacy. Prior to the Civil War, $tates in the south enacted Slave Codes to regulate the institution of slavery. Furthermore, northern, non~slave holding states enacted laws to limit the bl@ck political power and social mobility. For example~ in 1804, Ohio enacted Iaws prohibitin black people from immigrating into states. In 1813, the State of lllinois enacted a law banning free BIacks outright from immigrating into the $tate. Black Codes adopted after the Civil War borrowed elements from the antebellum slave laws and from the laws of the northern states used to regulate free blacks. Some Black Codes incorporated morality clauses based on antebellum slave laws into Back Code labor laws. For example, in Texas, a morality clause was used to make it crime for laborers to use offensive language in the presence of their employers, his agents, or his family members. Borrowing from the Ohio and Illinois codes, Arkansas enacted an ordinance banning free blacks from immigrating into the state. In the end, the Black Codes were largely extinguished when Radical Republican Reconstruction efforts began in 1866-67, and with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and civil rights legislation. Though the statutory lives of the Black Codes were short-lived, they are significant in that they served as precursors to the Jim Crow laws and social segregation among whites and blacks. For example, Arkansas passed a law prohibiting black children from 1attending school with children. The Texas legislature enacted a law requiring railroad companies to set aside a passenger car for black passengers. While each ex-Confederate state enacted its own set of Black Codes, all of them shared certain features. First, they defined the term â€Å"person of color. † Second, they prevented blacks from voting, holding office, or serving on juries. Third, they prevented blacks from serving in state militias. Fourth, they mandated for poor, unemployed persons (usually blacks) be arrested for vagrancy or bound as apprentices. Fifth, they mandated and regulated labor contracts between whites and free blacks. Sixth, they prohibited interracial marriages between whites and blacks. All of the Black Codes defined what it meant to be a â€Å"person of color. † However, these definitions were far from consistent. The Virginia legislature decreed that any person with onefourth Negro blood in their veins was a person of color. Georgia set the limit at one-eighth. Still yet, the Tennessee legislature declared anyone having any Negro blood at all made an individual a person of color. The leaders of the ex-Confederacy made no qualms about their desire to keep blacks out of the political process. To this end, all of the ex-Confederate states prevented blacks from voting, holding political office, or serving in the state militias. This view had some measure of support in the North. In an article appearing in the New York Times, an author wrote, â€Å"The denial of suffrage to the freedmen, we believe, cannot be made a bar to admission of the Southern representatives, for the reason is that it is no real denial of justice. No man, white or black, has title to a civil power which he has not the intelligence to exercise. † The Black Codes also prohibited blacks from serving in state militias. A principle reasons for these laws was probably a concern for insurrections and armed violence. However, a 2corollary concern was that the presence of armed black soldiers encouraged undesirable attitudes in blacks. For example, in Florida, the state legislature drafted resolution requesting that black Union Army troops be withdrawn from their lands because their presence alarmed whites and encouraged insubordination among blacks. Florida also passed laws prohibiting blacks from carry fire-arms or weapons. If blacks wanted to own a gun, these laws often required blacks to obtain a license from the county judge and to have witnesses, usually white, vouch for their nonviolent temperament. The vagrancy statutes were particularly harsh on freed blacks. While these statutes did not specifically target blacks in their language, they were predominately applied to blacks because of their impoverished condition. In general, vagrancy statutes stipulated that any person a law enforcement officer or judge deemed to be unemployed and not owning property could be arrested and charged as a vagrant. It was easy to arrest blacks for violating vagrancy laws because the freed blacks lacked wealth and land owning to their previous condition of servitude, and to a lesser extent because the federal government reneged on its promise to deliver forty acres and a mule to 40,000 freed slaves. Once arrested and convicted of vagrancy, a person would be forced into conditions nearly identical to slavery. They were either hired out to private individuals or forced to work public projects. They were not paid for their labor. In Florida, disobedience, tardiness, or running away could be punished by imprisonment, standing in the pillory or stockade, or flogging. Punishment by flogging usually consisted of receiving 39 lashes, a number frequently used when flogging slaves. Apprentice statutes functioned along with vagrancy statutes to ensure a steady supply of inexpensive labor. Under apprentice laws, minors of poor parents, or parents deemed to be 3vagrants, could be taken as wards of the court and bound out to a master for varying lengths of time. Males were usually bound until the age of twenty-one, females until the age of eighteen. Apprentices frequently had no choice in the trade they would be required to learn, however, masters were required to teach the apprentice a trade, provide for the apprentice’s living expenses, and provide the apprentice with a basic elementary level education. Some states even required the master to provide the apprentice with a monetary gift when the apprenticeship expired. Apprentices who violated apprentice laws by running away being disobedient to their master could be imprisoned, flogged, or forced to pay damages. The regulation of labor contracts with blacks was another hallmark of the Black Codes. In article appearing in a popular magazine of the time, a Southern author wrote of black people, â€Å"We should be satisfied to compel them to engage in coarse, common manual labor, and to punish them for dereliction of duty or non fulfillment of their contracts with such severity, as to make them useful, productive laborers. † Under the Black Code labor regime, blacks were free to work for any one they chose, but they were required to sign contracts that bound them to the employer at least a year. Once the contract was signed, blacks could not get out of the contract unless a court first declared the master violated the contract first. This deprived blacks of the opportunity to accept better paying jobs if they arose, and insured landowners had a steady supply of cheap labor. Punishment for blacks who broke their labor contracts included payment of damages, imprisonment. In states like Florida, it also included standing in the stockade or floggings. In Florida, behavior that constituted a breach of the contract included laziness, failure to appear for work, using offensive language with the employer, or running away. Most of the slave codes also made it a criminal offense for anyone to entice or encourage a black laborer to break an existing labor contract. Criminal laws also played an important aspect in the Black Codes. To varying degrees, ex-Confederate states passed criminal laws that prohibited petty that blacks were more likely to commit due to their immediate condition. For example, the Louisiana Penal Codes specifically criminalized trespassing on plantations. Because free blacks often had no place to live other than on their previous master’s plantation, they were more likely to be arrested under these statutes. Penal Codes also specifically targeted blacks by inflicting harsher punishments for some crimes than whites convicted of the same crime. Unequal punishment was important for keeping blacks in a condition of servitude. For example, a North Carolina statute made it a capital offense for a black person to assault a white woman with intent to rape. Finally, the Black Codes uniformly prohibited interracial marriages between blacks and whites. For example, in Texas anti-interracial marriage laws called for the punishment of both spouses with a fine, imprisonment or both. It was a criminal offense, as it was in Georgia, for anyone to knowingly marry a white and black person. And frequently county clerks were required to record marriages of blacks and whites in separate registries. Conversely, the Black Codes also uniformly recognized black marriages and the legitimacy of children born to black parents. However, many Black Codes made it a criminal offense under adultery and fornication laws for blacks to live together without getting married or registering as a married couple with the county clerk. These statutes were frequently applied to blacks living in rural areas who were living together as result of their impoverished condition.

Political Communication in the USA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Political Communication in the USA - Assignment Example The bailouts allowed the state to set more conditions for the corporate sector and as a result America has an extremely state regulated financial sector which endangers the freedom for innovation and creativity (â€Å"The Government Won† 2013). This calls for further reforms in the government regulation because in the current situation, the state’s power is making politicians more influential in the capital market, even in the private sector which is eroding the capitalist freedom that has enabled significant growth over the centuries. The status quo that exaggerates the power of the state should be regulated such that banks are less answerable to the government and by extension politicians. Instead, they should set rules that regulate risk taking and standards for deposits so that companies can have leeway for innovation with the knowledge that in case they mess up, they can expect no protection from the tax payers. The article which was written just before the 2010 elections is titled the â€Å"the first social media election†. It discusses the impact of social media in the UK elections in a backdrop of a system which only five years ago the platform was irrelevant and inapplicable (Arthur, 2010). People watching the lection debates from home were said to be doing it on two screen, the TV and the Facebook or tweeter one. The article implies that there is a real possibility of social media influencing the outcome of elections since citizens may react to the nature of the feedback they access on their respective parties from social media. The labour and Tory parties are trying hard to capitalise on â€Å"social media â€Å"capital which according to many was what got Barack Obama elected in 2008 in the US.   

From E Business Support to Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

From E Business Support to Strategy - Essay Example The internet, intranet, mobile networks and other types of digital expertise have made a functional value chain with customers, employees, suppliers, shareholders and traders synchronized in the new age of web marketing. The apparatus and pillars of e-business strategies consist of online advertising, receipt of payments over the Internet, on-line dealings and auction transactions over the Internet. E-business strategies vary for small and medium scale businesses. E-business strategies also create profits from current channel integrity maintenance, paid marketing deals, franchisees and subscriptions. (E-business Strategy, n.d.) E-business strategies use information and communications technology to enhance businesses. E-business is more concretely defined as the transformation that takes place in business processes due to the application of technologies and new ideas to deliver additional and improved customer value. (Andam, 2003, p.7). The introduction of the internet and other network and web technologies has made companies rely more and more on e-business strategies. An up-to-date e-business strategy generally consists of effective and efficient management of the supply chain to guarantee enhanced coordination between the wholesalers and the dealers of different products. This means to synchronize the entire supply chain starting from the source up till the ultimate delivery of the products. The value chain framework also involves the value shop and value network. Service providers like hospitals or consulting firms create value through the value shop process while, the brokering or intermediary actions (like banking and telephone companies) are carried out through value network management (Torbay, Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2001, p. 6). E-business strategies are also used to enhance customer services and build better customer relationship management to ensure the utmost level of customer satisfaction.

Effects of flicker on reading comfort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Effects of flicker on reading comfort - Essay Example Meares in 1980 and subsequently Irlen in 1983 described same set of symptoms induced by reading as visual perceptual disorder known as Meares-Irlen syndrome (MIS) or scotopic sensitivity syndrome (SSS)2,3. Jeanes et al4 reported that this syndrome can be found in 12 percent of general population and 65 percent of dyslexics. Furthermore, Wilkins5 identified these symptoms as ‘visual stress’ and categorised them into somatic such as tired eyes and visuo-perceptual like color, motion or shape illusions. Another name of this group of symptoms is ‘pattern glare’ that was used by Wilkins and Nimmo-Smith6 because they induced in normal people, who do not have photosensitive epilepsy, when they observed patterns of strips. There are number of parameters to characterise pattern of strips such as the total size, spatial frequency, duty cycle and contrast7. Wilkins et al8 found that the frequency of pattern glare depends on the characteristics of patterns. Similarly, reading text can induce same effects of discomfort because straight lines of text form a pattern of strips5. The same characteristics of pattern of strips can also determine the effects induced from text. The size of the page contains text excluding the margins corresponds to the size of pattern, the interline spacing represents the spatial frequency, the middle body of written letters excluding ascenders and descenders corresponds to duty cycle, and the contrast of the ink used on the paper besides the thickness and spacing of the words strokes determines the grating contrast7. Thus, text can induce the incidence of pattern glare, which depends on text characteristics. The book â€Å"Visual stress†, by Wilkins5 has a whole chapter to discuss photosensitive epilepsy and the visual stimulation of seizures. Wilkins states that visual stimulation may trigger seizures in 4 percent of patient with epilepsy. In addition, visual stimulation is the only factor to provoke seizures in many

Teenagers and modern social media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teenagers and modern social media - Essay Example Therefore, teenagers, parents, television producers and social media managers among others can read this article and obtain insightful knowledge. The author ensures to be as persuasive as possible so that the audience can be convinced. Mainly, the author uses facts and a combination of inference and observation to persuade the audience. For instance, the author condemns television stations for airing programmes that show teenagers drinking and using drugs as well as making some celebrity figures famous for partying, instead of focusing on celebrity role models such as Angelina Jolie (2). This is more convincing to the audience because they can relate to it and thus read the hypocrisy of the media in wanting the best for teenagers. The author uses the third person point of view. This brings about the notion that the author is well informed on the role of the media in the lives of teenagers. The author is quite disappointed by the media, especially television, thus holds a negative attitude towards them. For instance, she notes that the media is only interested in making profit and does not care whether it influences teenagers positively or negatively. In this article, the author does not include other people’s views. Additionally, she does not hold opposing views, as she only believes that the media is out to â€Å"destroy† the morals of teenagers and wash away what their parents taught them. The author does not use unfair arguments. However, her argument should have included the role of parents as well as the teenagers themselves in choosing what is morally right. When teenagers decide to watch only insightful programs, they will reduce the negative influence that the media will have on them. The author employs logos in persuading the audience through reason. She reasons out how the media is negatively influencing teenagers and proposes the best ways the media should act. Overall, this article is

The transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market or a Essay - 1

The transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market or a mixed economy (Russia and China) - Essay Example However, where there is existence of monopolist in a capitalistic market there would be a single producer who would not meet the market demand and would charge an exorbitant price to the buyers. This happen because the monopolist would be the sole owner of the means of production in that market (Samuelson and ‎ Nordhaus 29-47). Therefore in circumstances of monopolisation there is an ardent need for the intervention of the government of the country and to put a price ceiling so that the monopolist’s power is under check. On the other hand in case of a centrally planned economy there is a monopolisation of the power of the government. Hence the prices and the allocation of the resources are determined entirely by the government of the country. Thus the decision regarding the price and quantity controls would be taken by the government of the country.A part of the Soviet Union the economy of Russia was a centrally planned economy. The enterprises in the country were comple tely under the control of the government. This set up was existent in the country from 1982 to 1991. Due to the command framework in the country there was stagnation in the growth and development in the economy. Therefore after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there was a need felt for the transition of the economy to an economy which is market based (Snooks 12-19). There were several aspects of this transition.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) - Essay Example likely to experience health related societal stigma, hence, they tend to isolate themselves from the rest due to depression, embarrassment and poor individual image. â€Å"According to U. N. Secretary General Ban Ki Moon, 2008, ‘Stigma’ remains the single most important barrier to public action. It is a main reason why too many people are afraid to see a doctor to determine whether they are infected or not, or even to seek treatment if so. This becomes a silent killer especially to AIDS sufferers because people fear the social disgrace of speaking about it, or taking easily available precautions. Stigma is a chief reason why the AIDS epidemic continues to devastate societies around the world† (Tomaszewski 2012) . â€Å"STIs are said to be common among young people. Statistically, about 333 million new cases of curable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) occur each year among young adults around the world. One in five people in the United States has an STD. One out of four new STD infections occurs in teenagers†(stopthinkbesafe.org 2003). The increase in the number of infected individuals with STIs every year becomes alarming. Therefore, the government and private health agencies and health institutions must join efforts to become vigilant and active in finding ways to curb the growing spread of STIs. Unattended spread of STIs can ruin societies around the world. Hence, the highly recommended strategies to undertake would include: intensive information dissemination and implement outreach community programs. Such information dissemination and health service programs must be brought to the people in every near or far-flung community and not the other way around. Activities like gathering relevant and meaningful data can be very useful in â€Å"assessing the community particularly on disease epidemics, monitoring the spread of STIs and the probable people’s risk exposures to occupational and environmental hazards. These efforts are essential in developing

The Effects of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Effects of War - Essay Example The essay "The Effects of War" focuses on the War's effects. The step of intervening in Russian war after some time was both heroic and historical. Nevertheless people did not like the idea of war because they were used to undying peace and were never willing to let it go. But the growing military strength of Russia forced the government to indulge into the war. The major purpose of writing this paper is to highlight the importance of Wilson’s decision to plunge the entire nation into the war. This document however supports the idea of war because it was necessary to prove to the world that America had not forgotten the idea of the military confrontation and to tell the international community that they are indeed getting stronger. Woodrow Wilson is believed to be the greatest peacemaker America has ever seen and his last political campaign’s punch line stated that he kept the nation away from war. Yet he had to take the nation into the war after all because other natio ns started to consider America as a toothless country and therefore the armed invasion of the motherland was imminent to say the least. The war brought many notable changes in the socioeconomic outlook of the society as it gave a common purpose to the people whereas it also strengthened the social life of the people of America. The general public commenced to read newspapers and held long discussions on the future ramifications of the war. The war nonetheless never broke to a fuller extent and Russians soon realized that they had to do much well. than what they were doing in the war zone in order to invade America. The realization of the reality compelled the Russians to become reasonable and therefore the talks and negotiations initialized. And soon after that both of the countries managed to live peacefully until now. The war creates fear in people (Figueiredo and Limongi pp.156) and due to this reason civil society of the country joined hands with the military in terms of saving their homeland thus strengthening the concept of unity in people. Interestingly the modern American business culture originates and inspires from military rules, strategies and regulations (Hart pp.12). Especially the literature of strategic management is so similar to armed sciences that the terminologies of both remained the same after so many years. Conclusively the war created a strong business and corporate culture in the society that is currently serving the nation well enough. American citizens on the other hand comprehended the importance of weaponry, education and economic growth. In the past half of the century almost every American citizen is attempting to play his or her role in the society as effectively as possible. Contemporary research suggested that war is a great motivator and people tend to get united when a military confrontation happens. But the secret of America’s economic development lies with its ability to grow a system which supported unity and this mechanism supported the country successfully for a number of decades. Conclusion This paper was developed in order to evaluate Wilson’s decision to take the American nation into the war. The

Lifestyle of blackfoot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lifestyle of blackfoot - Essay Example Buffalo hunting is their major hunting activity. â€Å"The Blackfoot Indian tribe displayed agility in hunting buffalo that outranked other tribes. Their nomadic lifestyle was aided by dogs and later horses. They seldom fought over land but were great warriors in their own right† (Blackfoot Indian Tribe). This paper analyses different aspects of Blackfoot’s life styles. Because of huge diversity in culture, the life styles of Blackfoot (Also known as Blackfeet) people are different. Different languages, clothing, hunting methods, worshipping methods, food habits and hobbies are prevailing among the Blackfoot community because of the differences in their ethnicity. â€Å"Mi'kmaq, Cree, Ojibwa, Arapaho, Shawnee, Fox, Algonquin† etc are some of the major languages in the Blackfoot community (Tribal Lifestyle, Gender Roles, Elders). â€Å"The members of a Blackfoot Indian tribe spoke a language called Pikunii. This is language was lyrical and musical to the ear with complex word formations. The language was learned by word of mouth and there was no written language† (Blackfoot Indian Tribe). ... In other words, inter-tribal marital relationship is also possible among some of the tribal groups of the Blackfoot community. â€Å"There are three main clans in the Blackfoot community: The Kainai (Many Leaders, also called the Blood); The Piikani (Amsskaapipiikani in Montana and Apatohsipiikani in southern Alberta also called the Peigan ); The Siksika (Blackfoot, also called northern Blackfoot)† (Tribal Lifestyle, Gender Roles, Elders). Even though, these clans have lot of differences in their life styles, the elements of a common culture can be seen in the life styles of these people. â€Å"Each tribe in Blackfoot community consisted of a number of hunting bands, which were the primary political units of the tribe† (Hanes & Pifer). Each hunting band may have two leaders; one for leading the group for hunting activities and the other for leading the group in other social and political activities. The hunting leader would be an expert hunter whereas the other leader w ould be a person with immense capabilities in solving the social problems. In case of any disputes occur, the final word comes from either the hunting leader or the civilian leader. During ancient period, arrows and lances were the major war weapons of the Blackfoot community. Blackfoot community had no hesitation in engaging in war with other tribal groups. They were clever warriors and their fighting spirit and better war strategy helped them to expand their territories. The Blackfoot or Siksikas were one of the most famous of the northern tribes, largely due to the fact that they were among the first to encounter and form relationships with European fur traders. Through this contact, the people of the Siksika nation became familiar with the objects, inventions and animals brought by these

“A Modest Proposal” by Jonathan Swift Essay Example for Free

â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift Essay The essay, â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift is a satirical piece that discussed, in great detail, the issues surrounding 18th century society as it pushed forward development as society progressed, both technologically and socially. The essay contained a ‘modest,’ albeit radical, proposal from Swift, wherein he tried to provide a rational solution to the problem of increasing population, scarcity, and poverty in his society under the British rule. Among Swift’s ‘modest proposals’ were the imposition of polygamy among humans, wherein â€Å"one Male [sic] will be sufficient to serve four Females,† and the practice of bearing children as Food, which he identified to be â€Å"very proper for Landlords. † These propositions provided a glimpse into the social problems Swift’s society experienced during his time, wherein poor governance, in order to be alleviated, was resolved through what Swift considered to be deviant and inhumane practices. Proposing these deviant and inhumane practices was a demonstration of the increased demoralization among the citizens of Swift’s society, a state which the author deemed to be too outrageous to be true but is actually occurring. Hence, in order to address these outrageous yet unconfronted social problems and issues, Swift’s essay generated the attention it deserved and warranted, therefore making the readers and the essay’s target audience aware of the social state at which their country found itself in. Swift’s essay, in effect, drove home the fact that in the midst of social progress and development, moral demoralization occurred as a consequence, defeating the purpose of development and progress in the society.

What Is Impression Management Children And Young People Essay

What Is Impression Management Children And Young People Essay In this chapter, we will be discussing about the historical background of impression management, followed by the definition and scope of impression management. There are different metaphors that used to describe people that use impression management tactics. According to Shakespeares As You Like It : All the world is a stage, and all the men and women merely players , he compares the the world to a stage and life to a play, literally means that our life is just a drama only. However, Shakespeare only interpreted it as a theatrical analogy but not a sociology theory. The term was first adapted into sociology from the theatre by  Erving Goffman, who developed most of the related terminology and ideas in his 1959 book,  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.   Thus, the theatrical analogy was being transformed into dramaturgy, a method of analyzing social interaction as if the participants were performing on a stage. Dramaturgy  is a  sociological  perspective starting from  symbolic interactionism , and commonly used in microsociological  accounts of social interaction in everyday life. Erving Goffman (1922-1982), arguably the most original American theorist of the second half of the 20th century, the metaphor of life as theater is rich in meaning. He saw all human interaction as, in some ways, very much like a grand play. He was not, however, as concerned with sweeping generalizations about the human condition as he is much more concerned with the particulars of daily life-the micro-level interactions between individuals that, when taken together, constitute the human experience. At this micro level, he argues, the world is much more like a stage than we commonly realize. Goffman stated that it is impossible to discuss peoples selves abstracted from their social situations. He writes, This self itself does not derive from its possessor, but from the whole scene of his action. . . this self is a product of a scene that comes off, and not a cause of it. The self, then, as a performed character, is not an organic thing that has specific location. . . [the individual and his body] merely provide the peg on which something of collaborative manufacture will be hung for a time. And the means for producing and maintaining selves do not reside inside the peg. (Goffman, 1959, pp. 252-253) Thus, the fundamental unit of social analysis is not the individual but rather as the team ,which is responsible for the creation of perceptions of reality in social set-tings. A peoples action is always depending upon the situation and the people, yet we could not really observe or even find out the deeper heart of a person. While Goffman (1959) applied dramaturgy as a tool for smooth interactions, the theory then changes into a more application forms. Some social psychologists like Edward Jones labeled dramaturgy as serving more specific purposes for impression management. Impression management is rather a applied sociology theory that emphasis on the strategic such as gaining power and influencing others. During the 1970s, the impression management perspective became very popular among laboratory-oriented experimental social psychologists and in the mid 1980s, more organizational studies emerged to use the impression management framework. Most empirical studies on impression management concentrate on the situational or individual factors that influence a certain impression management behaviour or tactics that affect outcomes like promotions, performance appraisal ratings, and career success. What is impression management ? Impression management is defined as the process by which people attempt to influence the images that others have of them (Rosenfeld, Giacalone Riordan, 1995). According to sociologist Erving Goffman, men and women are like actors, which perform in front of everyone (audience) to attract their attentions.They use their experiences as a script,to deal with daily activities. Usually a script contains of basic information that people stored in their mind like the persons involved, the situations and the meaning of a scene. Without a script,the situation might become chaos,and the actors behavious might become chaotic as well.When people engage in social intereactions, it is known as performances. The performance consists of a combination of verbal and non verbal behaviours, influenced by actors interaction motives. In the next chapter, we will be discussing more about impression management behavior. Impression management behaviours In this chapter,we will discuss about different types of impression management that exist,followed by Jones and Pittmans (1982) impression management taxonomy. According to Leary and Kowalski( 1990) there are two types of impression management behaviours:verbal impression management behaviour and non verbal impression management behaviour.Non verbal behaviour contains expressions like smile, yawns, and etc that can reflect the feeling of the actors without the use of words. Whereas for verbal impression management behaviour,it is defined as the opposite of non verbal behaviour because it involves the action of the actors to influence the others. Verbal impression management can separate into 2 categories, assertive impression management and defensive impression management.. Assertive impression management is a tactic that to reveal a favourable image on the other. It also further divide into 2 sub-categories, that is other-focused (making sure that the target feel good about himself) and self-focused (aim to himself to make it seems that he has a potential skill and posses a good qualities on others). For defensive impression management, it is mostly used to repair or protect ones image. Jones and Pittman Taxonomy E.E Jones was the first sociologist who investigate the social behaviour. He believed that the Ingratiation has the largest power to influence other people in order to increase their attractiveness of themselves. Jones and Pittman later developed another 4 classes of self-presentation strategies that will mainly engage in our daily life in order to influence the others. There are: Intimidation, Self-promotion, Exemplification and Supplication. Ingratiation The most common and most studied impression management tactic is ingratiation. It is also known as attraction management . According to Jones, ingratiation is a process where the ingratiator find out what the audience finds attractive in an individual and then provide it to them. It is widely used by everyone in our daily activities.People engage in ingratiation to enhance their own actual power in a relationship. Ingratiation can be a successful way of influencing others if it is used wisely. Intimidation People who engage in intimidation try to gain social power by being feared. The intimidator try to convince his target that he is dangerous. By doing so, he will gain respect from his targets. Intimidation is most likely to take place in working field, family, school and etc. Self-promotion Unlike ingratiation who want to be liked, self promotion focus more on being competent.The actor usually focus more on specific skills that they have, such as playing a musical instrument to attract other people. The self-promoter wants to convince others and portray an image of competence among everyone.The aim when using this strategy is usually an immediate one such as getting admitted into university or getting a new job. Exemplification The ingratiator wants to be liked, the self promoter wants to be seen as competent, the intimidator wants to be feared, and the exemplifier wants to be admired and respected.He wants to be seen as disciplined and honest Usually the exemplifier always come early at work or takes work home everyday.They want everyone knows that they work hard and engage in self sacrifice.By doing so, the others will feel guilty because they are not the same as the exemplifier. The target will somehow support the exemplifier by doing the same thing sooner or later. Supplication The last self presentation strategy would be supplication. It is a strategy where someone exploits their weaknesses.The supplicator tend to seek help or sympathy from others. Usually it is used by those handicapped people, who cant perform daily activities normally. Supplication is the opposite of self promotion. Based on daily realities, critically discuss how lectures, parents, politicians and artistes engage in impression management. In this chapter, we will discuss in details about the question of this assignment (which is stated above). Artistes As we mentioned in previous chapters, everyone engage in impression management in their daily lifes, especially the artistes.There are three types of strategies artistes use to manage their impressions, they are ingratiation, self promotion, and supplication. Most of the artistes use ingratiation tactic to attract their fans. Artistes do it through make up, wearing provocative clothes, expensive jewelries to portray a healthy look. This gives a fake image towards the public on the attractiveness of the celebrities. For example, Nicole Kidman will not step out from her house without any make up. Imagine if the fans see their idols real look without any make up, they might feel surprise and disappointed, and this might cause them to support another artist instead of the original one. Thats why we always see the artistes in heavy make up or beautiful clothes, but never see them in normal looks. Besides ingratiation, artistes also use self promotion strategy when engaging in impression management. Artistes do it by promoting themselves and portray an image of competence among them. This will show the difference between the celebrities. They want the audience to recognize them for the skills, not only their physical appearance. For instance, Tom Cruise is one of the most well known male actor in Hollywood. He might not be as handsome as Brad Pitt, but his unique acting skills made him as the best male actor in the past 10 years. This proves that physical appearance is not the only tool to survive in the artistes world, but also the unique skill that each artist possesses. In addition, artistes also use supplication strategy to manage their impression. As we all know, Michael Jackson was found addicted to drugs during the 1990s.He admitted taking Valium, Xanax and Ativan to deal with the stress of the child sexual abuse allegations made against him, and painkillers actually were prescribed to soothe excruciating pain that he was suffering after recent reconstructive surgery on his scalp. All the fans were shocked and upset when they found out about that. They cant accept the fact that their idol has been on drugs for so long. Some fans were disappointed and refused to support him anymore. However, he admitted the mistakes and acknowledge that should be punished. He pleaded the fans to forgive him for his silly mistakes.In the end, the fans forgive him for drugs abuse and continue to support him.If he did not apologize to his fans, the situation might changed. Conclusion In this assignment, we have a clearer picture about the background of impression management and the definition of it. We also understand that there are different types of impression management strategies that we use in our daily activities. The main purpose for this assignment is to study about the different ways to engage in impression management by different individuals with different roles. Artistes, politicians, lectures, and parents are the targets for this assignment. By using Jones and Pittman Taxonomy, we can understand how the targets manage their impressions in daily activities. Different people will use different strategy to manage their impression, but their goal is the same: attract attention. To conclude, impression management is very important to all of us. We need it in our daily activities. Everyone wants to make a good impression when we are communicating with other people. A good impression is very important because we will never get a second chance to make a first impression. UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE ACADEMIC YEAR: 2012 OCTOBER 2012 TRIMESTER ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course Title : INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Course Code : UAPS2003 Tutorial group : Tutorial 3 Title of assignment : Impression management Due date : 14 November 2012 Students Name Students ID No. Course Year and Sem Parents Parents usually are the one who having most of the time get in touch with their children. Hence, it is not peculiar that parents usually use some kind of impression management on their children. Children, on the other hand, will be influenced by their parents, in order to be disciplined or becoming a well-mannered person in the future. Thus, showing that impression management is the important part in this field for educating children. Parents usually use 3 types of impression management on them, there are Ingratiation, Intimidation and Exemplification. In terms of Ingratiation, parents usually behave friendly in front of their child. Even though they are working at outstation, leaving them alone or sending them to the guardinator to take good care of their child, they call them once a week in order to get in touch with them, building a good rapport with them, no matter how far is it. Some parents even buy some material stuff to their kids as their compensation of time. They shower their children with love and harmony, awarding them by taking them to fun-fair whenever they done something correctly or scoring a good results. Besides, when the children feel unhappy to a certain kind of things, like feeling not happy with their teacher in daily school experiences, parents will become a good listener, listen to their story or experiences and find a solution for them. All in all, parents will be able to win their childr en heart, and in return, children will treat his/her parents back nicely. Ingratiation shows that parents use their positive side of themselves to influence the children perception in the front stage. The next impression management is Intimidation. This kind of impression is simply regarded as the opposite action of the Ingratiation. As we known, Ingratiation is type of the impression in order to get people attractiveness, whereas for Intimidation, it is kind of the impression that make the surrounding feel scary and dangerous. Parents also using this type of impression towards their kids. Parents, usually father uses his air of authority to educate their children in those days and nowadays as well. This situation has made the surrounding very scary and children will feel the sense of danger towards him. Consequently, children dare not against to their parents in the future. Even though when children come to the rebellious stage, they also dare not tone loudly against their parents. This seems much effective than Ingratiation in order to educate their children. Intimidation shows that parents using their negative side of themselves to influence/fear the children in the front stage but at the back stage, they are very caring for their children. The following impression management is Exemplification. This is a kind of impression that a person sacrifices himself in order to influence the other people so that the target will feel guilty and tends to changing his/her bad behaviour. This usually happen on parents in educating their children as well. For instance, when parents saw their children throw rubbish in the public without intentionally, they will pick up the rubbish and throw it into a proper thrash in front of their children, or whenever the parents saw others doing so, also picking up the rubbish and throw it in a proper way, in front of children of course. This has made children guilty that littering is a bad behaviour and they start to change themselves, by not repeating the same mistake again. This shows that parents setting a good example in front of their children in order to instil a good morale values on them. In china, most parents are very poor. They usually work as a farmer and yet they want their children to have a further studies on overseas to get a proper degree. Thus, in order to fund the education fees, they worked very hard and even sell off their valuable things like the land or their house as well to let their children to study. This is also a kind of impression management in parents engaging to their children, sacrificing themselves and making their children to feel guilty if they do not study hard to get a proper degree. Lecturer Impression management refers to the individual intentionally or unintentionally influence and control others formed their own impression. Appropriate impression management helps individuals and others to establish good interpersonal relationships, even attracting the attention of others, and then pull nearly the distance between. Therefore, if lecturer can grasp of teaching impression management strategies, will help to attract the attention of students and learning focused, directly or indirectly, to enhance the students learning motivation and effectiveness. Goffman said that Everyone has their own performance to others; everyone is always trying to keep a proper impression in social contexts, in order to get a positive rating. Everyone has a set of face-saving or face saving strategy that face work. The impression management tactics of lecturer use is ingratiation, intimidation and exemplification. Ingratiation is the strategy use to influence others, in order to increase their own personal attractiveness. How do we choose to show ourselves, by increase our personal appearance? By clothes, darker clothes to convey authority and lighter clothes is produce a friendly image. Do not wear the excessive jewellery and open-toed shoes. Besides, most of the lecturer uses shaping good teaching in order to enhance teachers social status and importance enhance communication between schools and parents. Lecturer emphasis the influence of their background behavior, try to understand student subcultures, establish a positive self-identity, in order to shorten the spatial distance between teachers and students. Lecturer unauthorized use of ingratiation strategies to enhance students interest in learning, to create a sound and stable self-identity of students. Intimidation, the use of coercion is to show the behavior itself is a dangerous man, and caused a horrible impression to others, to accept each other for fear of control, so as to achieve their own ends. Most of lecturer given quizzes and practice in the class to supervise students concentrate in class, understand students learning. Students feel afraid to take quizzes and practice in the case of an unpredictable. This situation helps students to increase their concentration. For those their attendance rate is lower than 80% in each subject, examination not allow as their punishment. Students will attend their class and do not absence randomly. For those who full attendance, bonus marks will give as their rewards. Exemplification, model strategy use refers to behavior for those who show outstanding moral behavior, designed to lure followers exemplary. The core of the strategy is to make others agree with the behavior, in order to win the respect of others, and to increase its own influence to the lofty impression of integrity and behavior. If lecturer is fair and equitable, students were more likely to trust the teachers, actively participate in courses. Score is in your hand, however you decide, not for me to decide, let students know the score in their hands, and openness their result. Respect is important, if teachers respect the students, the students also felt seriously under mutual respect with the teachers, the students learn the effect will be better. Do not quibble over or any contempt and crumbs attitude, if you give him a face embarrassment, may be the next time he not come to class anymore or sleep at there, what ever you talk, he not listen also. If students can feel the enthusias m and sense of responsibility of the teacher, students take the initiative go to class and take part of actively in class. In conclusion, the teacher can directly or indirectly affect the students, but also has the responsibility to make good profit to the future with a variety of ways to enhance students learning motivation and effectiveness. Therefore, as a teacher if the proper use of impression management can promote human interaction of teachers and students to improve the students attention and interest of lectures, with the love of learning contexts, and thus effectively improve learning outcomes. Politician Do you ever ask yourself why the politician is always full of cheers of support from the audiences in his or her political speech? Recently in 6 November 2012 of the United States President Election, Barack Obama managed to win the election and be able to serve for his country for four years more. It is partly due to the high support from the people of United States. However, we may notice that an election is always full of political talks. Therefore, politician will take their opportunity to give their point of views in order to get their supports and build up their reputation. Without doubt, the phenomenon of dramaturgy and the application of impression management can be easily seen in politics. Many of the politicians have their own family and of course they perform differently in different situations. For example, a politician will perform as an ambitious and inspired leader in front of the mass people. On the other hand, politicians will behave to be mean and aggressive to the member of the opposite party. Moreover, they would not behave what they are in politic towards their family members and their beloved. It is then obvious that the behaviors of politicians are dependent to the situations, and the application of impression management is tremendously important to the politicians. Most importantly, what strategies should politicians adopt in engaging impression management? First, most of the politicians use ingratiation tactic as their strategic in politic. The Tactic of ingratiation is to make one politician more liked and attractive by the others. So politician will sometime find out something that attract the peoples attention and provide them something that people really want. They will be considered as caring, responsible and considerate. The purpose of this tactics is to give the good impression to the people and thus the people will support him as a politician. Dato Sri  Haji Mohammad Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak  (born 23 July 1953) is a  Malaysian  politician who has been the sixth  Prime Minister of Malaysia  since 2009. Recent time, our Prime Minister Najib have establish many policies that benefit all Malaysian. As Malaysia is a multicultural country, 1Malaysia Campaign was established by the Prime Minister on 16 September 2008. 1Malaysia Campaign put emphasis on ethnic harmony, national unity, and efficient governance. Furthe rmore, Najib also introduced the Government Transformation Program (GTP) to increase quality, skill and transparency in public service and the government. Specific measures include the use of Key Performance Indicators to measure the performance of officials and agencies and National Key Result Areas to define goals for specific areas of public policy. Najib also develop a  New Economic Model  that will speed Malaysias transition to a high income country. The plan will emphasise ways to increase the income and productivity of workers by encouraging knowledge industries and increasing investment from overseas. Moreover, politicians also engage intimidation tactic towards their political enemy such as the representative of opposite member, terrorists and others. Sometimes the politician stands their point of view very much and they hope that thing can process according to what he says. So they will use this strategic to fear the people and thus achieving what he want. It may be unusual to see in a democratic country because the politician will definitely dont want to lose his supports, but this can be widely seen in the some dictators of underdeveloped countries such as the last dictator of Libya- Muammar Gaddafi. In some how they want to scare the people from preventing them to overthrow his idea and rule. One example that can explain this tactic is the famous Munich Agreement that happened in 30 September 1938. Munich Agreement,   (September 30, 1938), settlement reached by  Germany, Great  Britain,  France, and  Italy  that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland  in western  Czechoslovakia.  As Hitler continued to make inflammatory speeches demanding that Germans in Czechoslovakia be reunited with their homeland, war seemed imminent. Neither France nor Britain felt prepared to defend Czechoslovakia, however, and both were anxious to avoid a military confrontation with Germany at almost any cost. With lots of effort, the Britain and France were able to persuade Hitler to have a meeting. However, Two Czech representatives were only allowed to sit in the room next door. Afterward, Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations. Finally, the German army was able to conquer Czech without having a war. It is clear to show that Hitler applied tactic of intimidation and fierce impression towards his enemies made him able to achieve his goal. Furthermore, self-promotion is vital for politician because they want to show the capability in doing this. From this, they will get support and then continue in making contribution to the society. During the election, we can always see many politicians go to their election area to shake hand with the voters and even giving a political speech. The main purpose of these moves is to promote oneself and gain vote from the people. One of the examples of this impression management is the fireside chats of Former President  Franklin Roosevelt. They were called fireside chats because fireside chats because when you chat by the fire, you feel calm and relaxed, just like what the fireside chats were intended to be like. People could sit at home and listen to the president speak.  President Roosevelt talked the nation on the radio about various issues during his presidency. On that time, fireside chats were broadcast every Sunday night. He spoke of plans such as creating jobs for the unemp loyed. He gave hope when people needed hope.  Consequently, he gained great support from the people of The United States that made him elected more than two times. Self presentation/ Presenting the Self In self presentation, we are the actors and the others are the audience and vice versa on other people perception. Generally, all of us will try to display the positive side of us and hide the bad images of us. This can be mainly seen in our daily life experience. For instance, we would dress up nicely when we dating with somebody else, laughing with other people although it was a bad joke, and try to pretend a good listener although knowing that it was a boring story. So, just ask ourselves, does this scenario has destroy our true identity on pretending the others although knowing that something is not going well. The answer is NO because all of us are applying the Goffmans principle of role distance, the separation of outward performance as well as inward performances. Therefore, we may outwardly perform a nice, smiling face but inwardly scolding and cursing them instead. Outward performance is similar to the actor does onstage and the inward feeling is comparable to what the actor does on the backstage. Goffman hence uses this stages to his theory in analysing the self-presentation, dividing into frontstage and backstage. In front stage, people present their selves in ways expected for the others, like audience. On the other hand (backstage), starts to reveal their true identity, showing no concern for the audience. Frontstage performance is not necessary consider as dishonest or making fool on the others (audience), but it can be perform better if we apply the Jones and Pittman Taxonomy on the front stage and conceal our true identity in the back stage in our daily, it can seems much interesting in order can influence other people perception as well.

International Expansion Plans Of Hardees In India Marketing Essay

International Expansion Plans Of Hardees In India Marketing Essay It is very important for a company to asses the market potential before it enters into that country. Since Hardees is being introduced for the first time in India, its very important to know if there is considerable potential and demand in the market. Hence, the report discusses the techniques to identify the market potential in India for the Hardees.In order to make a business successful, it should have a proper marketing plan developed for it, so that the product is recognized widely among its target audience. This can be only done when its product, placement, promotion, pricing and packaging is done appropriately. Hence at the ending section of the report addresses this area. Introduction to Hardees Hardees was established in 1960. CKE restaurants own it and are currently operating it. Hardees ranks number 4 in US Fast food restaurants. It mostly located in United States with its head quarters in St. Louis, Missouri. Wilber Hardee opened up his first restaurant in Greenville, North Carolina on September 9, 1960. Among all other food items it offers, the most famous ones are the Monster Thickburger, Nutritious breakfasts and Low-carb food. Over the years it has faced several problems and legal disputes too. But nothing has ever stopped Hardees from providing healthy and tasty food to the people who are fully loyal to it. These disputes include the Burger chef copyright disputes, the advertisement criticism and the thick burger campaign. Infrastructure: The infrastructure in India is improving and is stable enough to provide a supportive environment to the Fast food chains to flourish well. It has a positive relationship with all the strengths mentioned in the table above. While in the weaknesss case, only Infrastructure and Expensive than other fast food restaurants is having a negative relationship, due to the sole reason that Hardees is a foreign ccompany that will be needing something more than an average infrastructure, hence it will face some difficulty in coping up with the steady rise in this environmental factor. Political instability: Due to the stable political situations, it has a positive relationship reputation, RD and Franchise system while having a neutral relationship with the quality, hygiene, Trained Skilled Labor, unique taste and efficient services. While in the Weaknesss case, there is no relation of the prevailing political situation with any of the weaknesses of Hardees. Compliance laws: The compliance laws in India will definitely have a positive effect on Hardees quality, hygiene and reputation, while having a negative relation with the RD, Franchise system and trained and skilled labor. Since so much emphasis on these laws will definitely stop Hardees from operating freely and from bringing in innovation as well. While in weaknesss section the compliance laws have a negative impact on all the weaknesses of Hardees because the laws in India will surely object its questionable advertisements, high calorie content and its high price food items. Advance technology: the improving technology in I ill definitely support all the operations of Hardees. So its having a positive relationship with most of its strengths. The advance technology in India will help Hardees develop advertisements according to the culture of India and help people to accept the high calorie content in the burgers through logical explanations. But while using such high technology it will have to incur high costs making everything costly. Hence, in the weaknesss section, the technological development has positive relationship with the first two factors but negative with the last one as shown in the table previously. Security Threats: Since India faces no such security threats, hence it has Positive relationship with almost all of the strengths of Hardees. In order to take advance precautionary measures, Hardees will definitely have to increase its security measure, hence increasing its costs. Thus having a negative impact and making it more expensive. Media: the increasing exposure of media and more focus on it has allowed it to have a significant impact on the lives of people. Hence the Introduction of Hardees in India, can be facilitated through Media, while having a positive impact on all its operations. While in the weaknesses section, media can have a negative impact on making its high calorie content aspect and advertisements more questionable. But if Hardees plans to take control of this area then it will have to incur more cost making it more expensive. Inflation: The rising inflation will definitely have a significant negative relationship with all the strengths of Hardees. Except for Trained and skilled labor and franchise system because rising prices will negatively affect these areas. Inflation is having a negative impact on all the three weaknesses as shown in the table, due to the sole reason that the rising inflation will definitely effect each operation of Hardees in a negative way. Lifestyle changes: Due to the increasing western influence in India, people are moving more towards Fast food restaurants, hence changing their lifestyles. This changing factor definitely will definitely have a positive impact on all the operations of Hardees. Hence having positive relationship with all the strengths as shown in the table previously. The changing lifestyle in India has a positive impact on all the weaknesses as theyl be willing to accept the advertisements with an open mind and with a different perspective and accept the high calorie content in the food. More over theyll go for expensive food at Hardees with thinking that high quality comes with high price too. Income distribution: Mostly, the people in India lie in the lower class and very few in the upper class. Since Hardees is offering high priced quality food, it will definitely have a negative impact on Hardees success in India. Hence it can be seen that this factor has negative relationship with most of the strength factors. But the area where income distribution of India is positively related to its strengths is for the sole reason that Hardees cannot compromise on its taste, hygiene, reputation and franchise system. In the Weaknesses section, as we know that mostly the people living in India are from lower class or lower to upper-middle class, hence these people are not much diet conscious and will accept the fact that most of the burgers at Hardees are of high calorie content. Moreover knowing since Hardees has classified itself specifically for middle to upper class, hence it can easily target this class. The barriers to entry in the food industry are low because less technologically advanced equipments are needed, generally the target audience is in search of new food outlets, the expected retaliation by the existing competition is not that great and the new entrants gain experience soon enough to attract the customers. Moreover, there are no such patent protections making the entry of potential entrants easier. Although there is ease of entry but exit could be expensive as specialized assets are required to process the unique meals of Hardees. Competitive rivalry The current competition is very fierce which includes McDonalds, KFC, Pizza Hut, Dominos and Subway. Although Hardees claims that its recipe is still not copied and no other burger is like the burgers they produce but for some price conscious customers Hardees offers undifferentiated products that they can easily buy from its competitors at reasonable prices. However, differences do exist with regard to the offering of different special Food deals for different customers. The threat of substitutes Substitutes for any food business are ample considering the size and competition of this industry. There are several large as well small food joints including multinationals like Mcdonalds, Pizza hut, subway etc when it comes to substitutes for Hardees which enable consumers easily to choose and switch over frequently, as the substitutes increase the demand for a particular class of products reduces as customers switch to the alternatives. Bargaining power of the buyer The number of consumers has grown over time due to the increasing demand and trend for fast food, which has helped them to exercise more power upon these restaurants. Bargaining power of the supplier: Locally there are a number of suppliers in the market for poultry, bakery and other raw materials; therefore, not enough pressure can be exercised by these suppliers, because if the terms are not settled with one, Hardees can certainly negotiate with others in the market. Although the number of restaurants have increased over the time thus giving rise to the demand of inputs (chicken, vegetables, sauces etc) however, the local suppliers do not have enough standing to exert power on restaurants like Hardees. Marketing Plan Product: Hardees offers breakfast, breakfasts sides, charbroiled burgers, sides, deserts, beverages, salads, sandwiches, roasted beef and chicken. This is the basic menu and underneath all these areas, there is a huge variety of options available for customers to select. All the food items are of high quality and are offered with great services. Placement: Distribution Channels Direct (Personal Selling) Hardees should adopt a personal selling policy for its customers. These should include Government Organizations, Hotels, Schools, Offices, Restaurants and Universities among others. In order to satisfy the local consumers, Hardees should adopt techniques ranging from phone, internet, and mail to personal visits. Indirect (Push and Pull) Hardees should adopt both push and pull strategies in the indirect channels. Depending on the sales needs in a specific period, it should offer sales promotions in the form of consumer promotions and trade promotions to boost sales in both the short and long run. Outlet area selection: Hardees should select the most famous areas in India for shopping and business centers. It should locate all its outlets in the most populated areas which are accessible by most of the population of India. This will help in increasing its sales in the beginning. Promotion: The only source of promotion that Hardees should adopt is to advertise through various effective Medias. Since its a fast food business, personal selling and trade promotions will not work here. Hence, to get effectively recognized in the fierce competition in India for Fast food, Hardees should advertise thoroughly with a full plan and system. Advertising Hardees should make use of many advertising mediums in order to reach the masses. The most important of all being TVC, Billboards, internet ads, broachers, TV and Print Media. There have been quite a lot of criticisms on Hardees advertisements in abroad, so marketers should make sure that they are careful enough in India to create non-offensive Ads. Pricing: Since Hardees targets the upper-middle and upper class specifically, so it will have to keep its prices high. But considering the fact that there is a fierce competition in this business in India, it should adopt competitive pricing to increase sales and profit from the huge masses of Indian communities are mostly from the average class.

The Good Earth :: essays research papers

In The Good Earth, Pearl Buck describes the lifestyle and customs of the Chinese through the character of Wang Lung. She also shows the rise of a simple peasant to the enviable position of a wealthy landowner. At the beginning of the novel, Wang Lung, a poor farmer, is ready to marry O-Lan, a slave who is purchased from the great house of Hwang. She is a sturdy, silent woman who has immense resourcefulness. She is Wang Lung's helpmate throughout the book. Wang Lung and O-Lan, in the span of a few years, have five children. Wang Lung has always believed that the earth is a wonderful provider. When he manages to save some silver from his farming efforts, he decides to invest it in the good earth. He buys a parcel of land belonging to the House of Hwang. Wang's Uncle, who is lazy and evil, knows of his nephew's success and repeatedly comes to Wang to beg for help and food. It is the Chinese custom to help relatives, so Wang reluctantly aids him. Unfortunately, a famine strikes, and everyone, including the Wang family, suffers. The Uncle spreads the rumor that Wang is hoarding food and money, which causes the famished villages to plunder Wang's house; but they find nothing, for Wang is also starving and unable to provide for the basic needs of his family. As a result, Wang takes his family and flees to the South, where they eke out a living. Wang pulls a rickshaw through the streets to earn money. During Wang's stay in the South, the first rumbles of the revolution are heard. One day in Kiangsu, the angry peasants break down the gates of a huge mansion and enter it to plunder and pillage its riches. At first, Wang Lung is unable to steal anything; but when he sees the fat Lord clobbering the peasants, he picks up as much gold as he can and leaves. Wang returns to his homeland with his family. He keeps buying more and more land from the House of Hwang, which has now fallen into decay. As his children grow up, his life begins to prosper. Wang educates his first two sons. The eldest, Nun En, marries a girl from a well-bred family. The second son, Nun Wen, becomes a grain merchant. The third child, a daughter born during the famine, is retarded; Wang loves her dearly and affectionately calls her "poor fool.

Apology Essay -- essays research papers

I am not so certain if Socrates' approach to his defense is particularly the brightest one, and it certainly is not an apology as the title has named it, but, there is a certain wisdom in the simple, plain structured arguments he presents. One of the first things he mentions, is for the jury to pardon him, in the case that he should slip into his accustomed way of speaking, just as they would pardon a foreigner for speaking in his accustomed manner. This appears to me to be a wise idea, as it is true, even in today's society that we tend to judge people on face value. People who do not speak English well, as Socrates would not have spoken "court language" very well, tend to be jusdged as stupid. Socrates next points out that Meletus is not the first man to accuse him. He adresse...

Gypsies in Nineteenth-Century England :: European History Essays

Gypsies in Nineteenth-Century England Missing Works Cited Despite the important role Gypsies played in the nineteenth-century, they were not automatically accepted as equals in society. In fact, from the moment they set foot on European soil, the Gyspies were misunderstood and even feared. These feelings became manifest in prejudices, which led to discriminatory actions. At the same time, however, Victorian society found itself fascinated with these strange Gypsies. The gypsy motif in Jane Eyre reflects the ambiguous attitude of Victorian society toward Gypsies. The depiction of "the Gypsy" at Thornfield Hall and the characters' reactions to her are reflections of prejudices based on the Gypsies' skin color, way of life, and traditions, and are also reflections of discriminatory treatment the Gypsies suffered. Simultaneously, many of the descriptions of the Gypsy are also the product of a romanticized view of Gypsies, which manifests itself works of fiction by many other authors throughout the Victorian Era. The Victorians' initial impression of the Gypsies was not a favorable one. At first, the prejudices against Gypsies had obvious sources. Settled society has always had a fear of foreigners, so naturally, "the earliest response to the 'Egyptian' immigrants was rooted, generally, in a xenophobic fear and mistrust of aliens" (Mayall, "British Gypsies" 8). Besides being mistrusted as foreigners, the Gypsies fell victim to racial prejudice because of the color of their skin. Even long before the nineteenth-century, "the conviction that blackness denotes inferiority was already well-rooted in the Western mind. The nearly black skins of many Gypsies marked them out to be victims of this prejudice" (Kenrick and Puxon 19). Even if Charlotte Bronte never saw a Gypsy, she reflects these perceptions of them in her description of "the Gypsy" that visits Thornfield Hall. The Gypsy's most noticeable feature in Sam's mind as he describes her to the assembled guests is that she is "'almost as black a s a crock'" (217, ch. 18). Later, when Jane goes for her interview with the Gypsy, she notes that her face "looked all brown and black" (221, ch. 19). Since the Gypsy turns out to be Mr. Rochester, and there is no indication that he actually blackened his face for his disguise, it may be that the Gypsy's black skin is an imagined product of the characters' preconceived notions about what Gypsies look like. Whatever the case, the fact that Bronte makes the Gypsy's skin color prominent in the characters' description of her reflects the racial prejudice that existed toward Gypsies in Victorian England. Gypsies in Nineteenth-Century England :: European History Essays Gypsies in Nineteenth-Century England Missing Works Cited Despite the important role Gypsies played in the nineteenth-century, they were not automatically accepted as equals in society. In fact, from the moment they set foot on European soil, the Gyspies were misunderstood and even feared. These feelings became manifest in prejudices, which led to discriminatory actions. At the same time, however, Victorian society found itself fascinated with these strange Gypsies. The gypsy motif in Jane Eyre reflects the ambiguous attitude of Victorian society toward Gypsies. The depiction of "the Gypsy" at Thornfield Hall and the characters' reactions to her are reflections of prejudices based on the Gypsies' skin color, way of life, and traditions, and are also reflections of discriminatory treatment the Gypsies suffered. Simultaneously, many of the descriptions of the Gypsy are also the product of a romanticized view of Gypsies, which manifests itself works of fiction by many other authors throughout the Victorian Era. The Victorians' initial impression of the Gypsies was not a favorable one. At first, the prejudices against Gypsies had obvious sources. Settled society has always had a fear of foreigners, so naturally, "the earliest response to the 'Egyptian' immigrants was rooted, generally, in a xenophobic fear and mistrust of aliens" (Mayall, "British Gypsies" 8). Besides being mistrusted as foreigners, the Gypsies fell victim to racial prejudice because of the color of their skin. Even long before the nineteenth-century, "the conviction that blackness denotes inferiority was already well-rooted in the Western mind. The nearly black skins of many Gypsies marked them out to be victims of this prejudice" (Kenrick and Puxon 19). Even if Charlotte Bronte never saw a Gypsy, she reflects these perceptions of them in her description of "the Gypsy" that visits Thornfield Hall. The Gypsy's most noticeable feature in Sam's mind as he describes her to the assembled guests is that she is "'almost as black a s a crock'" (217, ch. 18). Later, when Jane goes for her interview with the Gypsy, she notes that her face "looked all brown and black" (221, ch. 19). Since the Gypsy turns out to be Mr. Rochester, and there is no indication that he actually blackened his face for his disguise, it may be that the Gypsy's black skin is an imagined product of the characters' preconceived notions about what Gypsies look like. Whatever the case, the fact that Bronte makes the Gypsy's skin color prominent in the characters' description of her reflects the racial prejudice that existed toward Gypsies in Victorian England.

Nursing Theories and Profesionalism

Term paper on â€Å"Nursing care theories and models and their application to: 1. Adult health nursing† 2. Community Health nursing† 3. Reproductive Health nursing† A theory is a set of propositions used to describe , explain predict and control. Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge that is used to define or explain various aspects of each profession of nursing. Levels of nursing theories. * Grand nursing theories. This type of theory has the broadest scope and present general concept and propositions.Theories at this level may both reflect and provide insight useful for practice but are not designed for empirical testing. This limits the use of grand nursing theories for directing, explaining and predicting nursing in particular situations . * Mid range nursing theories. Are narrower in scope than grand nursing theories and offer an effective bridge between grand nursing theories and nursing practice. They present concept and positions at a lo wer level of abstraction and hold great promise for increasing theory-based research and nursing practice strategies. * Nursing practice theories.Nursing practice theories have the most limited scope and level of abstraction and are developed for use within a specific range of nursing situations. Nursing practice theories provide frameworks for nursing interventions and predict outcomes and the impact of nursing practice. Types of theories. i. Descriptive theory : it defines properties and components of a discipline, it sorts out meaning and observations and sets forth what elements exists in the discipline it identifies and describes specific characteristics of particular people, groups, situation or event. ii.Explanatory theory: identifies how the properties and components relate to each other and accounts for how the properties and components related to each other and accounts for how the discipline functions. It describes relationships among various phenomena. iii. Predictive th eory: predicts the relationship between the components of a phenomenon and predicts what conditions it will occur but does not provide control. iv. Prescriptive Theory: addresses nursing therapeutics and consequences of interventions. Such theories designate under what conditions something should occur.Characteristics of nursing theory * They are interrelating concepts in such a way as to create a different way of looking at a particular phenomenon. * Logical in nature. * Generalizable. * Bases for hypotheses that can be tested. * Increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them. * Used by the practitioners to guide and improve their practice. * Consistent with other validated theories, laws and principles but will leave open unanswered questions that need to be investigated. 1. ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY FLORENCE NIGHTNGALEThe environmental theory is attributed to Florence Nightingale. The main focus of her theory is the con trol of the environment of individuals and families both healthy and ill. She discusses the need for ventilation and light in sickroom, proper disposal of sewage and appropriate nutrition. Her ideas about nursing have guided both theoretical thought and actual nursing practice throughout the history of modern nursing. Nightingale considered nursing similar to a religious calling to be answered only by women with an all consuming and passionate response.She considered nursing to be both an art and science and believed that nurses should be formally educated. . Application of environmental theory in: Adult health nursing Unnecessary noise is not healthy for recuperating patients. Nightingale advocated for a quite environment in the hospitals. Petty management proposed the avoidance of psychological harm no upsetting news strictly war issues and concerns should not be discussed inside the hospital. She includes the use of small pets of psychological therapy while nursing adult patients .Dietary intake- patients to be fed with clean food and water Light has quite as real and tangible effects to the body. Her nursing intervention includes direct exposure t sunlight. Control of room temperature- patients should be nursed at appropriate temperature With the use of Nightingales ideas hospitals became a place for people to recover rather Than a place to die. Community Health Nursing Warmth quiet and diet environment she introduced the manipulation of the environment for patient’s adaptation such as fire operating the windows and repositioning the room seasonally.Cleanliness and sanitation- she assumes that dirty environment was the source of infection and rejected the germ theory. Her nursing interventions focus on proper handling and disposal of bodily secretions and sewage frequent bathing for patients and nurses, clean clothing and hand washing. The environmental theory is utilized by modern architecture in the prevention of â€Å"sick building syndrome† applying the principles of ventilation and good lighting. Noise management- noise pollutes the environment making it unhealthy for people and can cause serious conditions e. . ear problems When for a reason hospitals did not hire their own nursing graduates nurses applied nightingales principles in the community in the development of public health nursing. Reproductive Health Nursing Good balanced diet is important to pregnant women in order to bring forth healthy children. Clean environment is an important aspect in child delivery to prevent postnatal complications; this is a clear application of the environmental theory. 2. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES. Developmental theories are called sometimes theories of growth and development.Development models emphasize processes of growth development and maturation. Focus is also on identification of actual and potential developmental problems and delineation of intervention strategies that foster maximum growth and development of people and th eir environment. The theorists classified under the developmental model branch include: 1. Sigmund Freud Freud proposed one of the best known grand theories of child development. According to Freud’s theory child development occurs in a series of stages focused on different pleasure areas of the body.During each stage the child encounters conflicts that play a major role in the course of development. 2. Erick Erickson Rather than focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, Erickson believed that social interaction and experience played a decisive role. His eight stage theory of human development described this process from infancy through death. During each stage people are faced with a developmental conflict that impacts later functioning and further growth 3. Jean Watson Caring is the most important aspect of nursing.According to Watson caring is when the nurse enters in to the experience of another person and another can enter into the nurses experiences (Watson 1989 pg 234) Her main concern in the development of this theory is to balance the impersonal aspects of nursing care that are found in the technological and scientific aspects of practice with the personal and interpersonal elements of care that grow from a humanistic belief in life. She openly recognized the clients and family’s spirituality and spiritual beliefs as an essential element of health 4. Madeleine Leininger’s Cultural care DiversityLeininger states that care is the essence of nursing a man caring and dominant distinctive and unifying feature of nursing. This model model emphasizes that health and care are influenced by elements of social structure such as technology, religious and philosophical factors, kinship and social systems, cultural values political and legal factors economic and educational factors. Along with the universal nature of human beings as caring beings, the cultural care values, beliefs and practices that are specific to a given culture provide a basis for the patterns, conditions and actions associated with human care.Application of Developmental theories: Adult health Nursing. According to Watson’s caring way, the theory helps in establishing a relationship of help and trust between the nurse and the client. Watson’s theory aids in the adult patients/clients nursing as they are able to express both positive and negative feelings with acceptance. It assists in whatever way deemed appropriate to meet the basic human needs of the client. Community health nursing Watson’s model aids in manipulating the environment to make it more supportive, protective or connective for the client with any type of disease process.Watson’s theory recognizes the client’s and family’s spirituality and spititual beliefs as an essential element of health. Reproductive Health nursing Developmental theories are useful in assessing whether a child’s growth and developmental stage is k eeping pace with his chronological age. Children falling outside the normal ranges need medical and nursing interventions. Growth and developmental theories are also useful to nurses teaching parents about what to expect from their children at certain ages and stages.Through the study of developmental theories, nurses understand and should remember that although knowing characteristic traits, developmental tasks and stages is useful, each individual is unique in style and behavior. 3. INTERACTIVE MODEL. This model emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relationships between the nurse and the person. It focuses on identifying any interpersonal problems and providing intervention techniques to promote optimal socialization. The leading theorists of interactive model include: Hildegard Peplau’s interpersonal theory.Her theory of interpersonal relations provides a useful framework for investigating clinical phenomena and guiding nurses’ actions. Her theory focuses prim ary on the nurse-client relationship in which problem solving are developed. Four phases occur during this interactive process: orientation, identification, exploitation and resolution phase. Throughout these phases, the conselling, leadership, surrogate, resource person and teaching role. Virginia Henderson’s Model. The foundation of Henderson’s theory is that nurses should focus on the patients rather than the task.The core component to Henderson’s theory is for nurses to help patients become self sufficient. She emphasized the importance of increasing the patient’s independence so that progress after hospitalization would not be delayed. APPLICATION OF INTERPERSONAL THEORIES; Adult Health Nursing Peplau’s theory is significant for practice in that it propelled psychiatric nursing from custodial based care to interpersonal relationship theory based care Peplau’s theory has provided an enduring educational for teaching the nurse patient rel ationships as a pivotal nursing process in all contexts of practice.The therapeutic nurse patient relationship promotes active participation of patients in their health care. Peplau’s theoretical work has also promoted a paradigm of professionalization and empowerment for educating nurses for the 21st century. Nursing education has been deeply affected by Henderson’s clear vision of the function of nurses. The nursing theories of Peplau and Henderson are commonly used by psychologists and psychiatrists as well as nurses in mental health clinic settings. They provide a framework for understanding patients’ reactions to illness, birth, deaths and traumatic life events.Henderson conceptualizes the nurses role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs. Community Health nursing. Interactive models are applied in the community as there is enhancement of social acts and relationships, through interaction of the commun ity members and the nurse. People are able to clearly identify any problems they may have and look for intervention techniques to promote optimal socialization amongst themselves. Henderson’s theory expects society to contribute to nursing education.Reproductive health Nursing. Marriage and family-This theory can involve marriage and family planning methods for adults. This process teaches abstinence and practicing safe sex until marriage. Nurses open lines of good communication to address the concerns the client has about preventing unwanted pregnancy. Family planning programs are available to young adults interested in practicing birth control techniques and abstinence until marriage. Nurses counsel on the choice of birth control, its use or change of use.As per Peplau’s theory, the nurse assumes the teaching role and assists couples in knowledge concerning the fertility cycles. 4. SYSTEMS THEORIES. The systems model of nursing views the person as a multidimensional being who reacts continually to a world of stressors. Systems may be closed or open depending on the amount of information coming in or out of the systems. Opens systems allow for exchange of information through their bounderies. closed systems refer to rigid structures in which minimal exchange of ideas are limited. Some theorists include King Imogene, Neuman and Orem.Imogene King. His theory describes a dynamic interpersonal relationship in which a person grows and develops to attain certain life goals. Betty Neuman Her theory is a nursing theory based on the individual’s relationship to stress, the relationship to it and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature. The purpose of the nurse is to retain this system’s stability through the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Roy’s adaptation model. Roy’s model sees individuals a set of interrelated systems (biological, psychological and social).The individual strives to live within a unique band in which he or she can cope adequately. Nursing attempts to alter the environment when the person is not adapting well or has in effecting coping responses. According to The Roy adaptation model, the person has coping mechanisms that are broadly categorized in either regulator or cognator systems. Orem’s General theory of nursing. Orem’s theory revolves around a person centered model, in which the nurse identifies self care needs of the patient and then works as collaboratively as possible with the patient to meet those needs.The theory includes self care, self care deficit and nursing system concepts. APPLICATION OF SYSTEMS THEORY Adult Health nursing. King’s theory highlights the importance of a client’s participation in decision making that influence care and focuses on both the process of nurse-client interaction and the outcomes of care. Newnan’s system model is applied in attempting to restore the stability of the system using the prima ry, secondary and tertiary interventions. Neumann’s theory is also used in practice and in research.Its concentric layers allow for a simple classification of how severe a problem is the level of insult can be quantified allowing for graduated intervention. Today’s nurses use nursing diagnoses to describe patient’s problems. Orem’s self care deficits are well represented here. Roy’s adaptation theory is applied in nursing as it allows to assess patient’s stressors and abilities to cope. Nurses familiar with adaptation theories can help patients realistically appraise their stressors, examine their usual coping responses and if necessary learn new ones.By use of these theories in adult nursing, nurses can interact with the patients to facilitate achievement of health-related goals. Community Health nursing As people interact with others in the community, they must continually adjust to stressors’ in the internal and external environmen t Nurses can effectively provide care at the interactional systems level at which they deal with small to moderate-sized groups in activities such as group therapy and in health promotion classes. King’s theory offers insight into nurse’s interaction with individuals and groups within the environment.The role of nursing at the social systems level can be expanded to include involvement in Policy decisions that have an effect on the health care system as a whole. Orem’s self care deficit theory has been widely adopted in a variety of clinical settings like rehabilitation nursing, with its focus on addressing self care deficits in patients with physical disability or chronic illness and home health nursing which is aimed at making patients as safe and independent as possible in their own homes. Reproductive Health nursingParenthood and stress management-Nurses taking part in family planning are available with advice after delivery of the child. This postnatal care consists of feeding techniques, health concerns for the baby as well as for the mother. Nursing give needed counseling and support to mothers who might experience postpartum depression. These theories provide the necessary guidance to couples to handle the entire process from conception to birth so that the couple can make the most of becoming a happy and healthy family. Orem’s self care theory is applies in diagnosing various reproduction disorders.Reference: * Yema M. Luhahi, Nursing Theories and professionalism, NRSG 121:RN, BSN, MPH, Senior lecturer. * Linderg and al (1998) introduction to Nursing: concepts. issues and opportunities. * Barium Barbara (1998). Nursing theory: Analysis, Evaluation, Lippincott Williams and Wikins ISBN 978. * Allender J N:(2001)Community Health concepts and practice,8th edition. * Tomey A M Alligood. MR. (2002)Nursing theorist and their work(5th edition),Mosby, Philadelphia. * Memmott,Rae Jeane,use of the Neumann systems model in interdiscipl inary team.